Ngaahi Tokoni Fakasōsialé

Pea hangē pē ko e ngaahi komiunitī tui fakalotu lahi, ʻoku ʻi ai ha hisitōlia lōloa ʻo hono tokoniʻi ʻe he kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ʻa e kakai masivá mo hono tokangaekina ʻa e kakai faingataʻaʻiá. Lolotonga e ngaahi fuofua taʻu ʻo e Siasí, naʻe tali lelei ʻe he sōsaieti lahi ange ʻo ʻAmeliká ʻa e ngaahi ngāue ʻofa ʻa e kakai fefiné, pea naʻe faʻa takimuʻa ʻa e kakai fefiné ʻi he ngaahi ngāue fakauelofeá ʻo tatau pē ki he tafaʻaki fakalotú mo e fakapuleʻangá fakatouʻosi. ʻI hono fokotuʻu ʻo e Fineʻofá ʻi he 1842 mo e lolotonga hono fakakake hake ʻi he 1860 tupú, naʻe feinga ʻa e Fineʻofá ke muimui ki he fatongia faka-Kalisitiane ko hono tokangaʻi ʻo e masivá ʻaki hano tānaki ha ngaahi tokoni ʻofa mo fakataumuʻa ʻa e ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻa e komiunitií ki hono feau e ngaahi fiemaʻu fakatuʻasinó. Naʻe akoʻi ʻe he kakai fefine ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi kalasi ki hono tokangaekina ʻo e kakai puké pea fekauʻaki mo e sino ʻo e tangatá, kae pehē ki hono tānaki mo tauhi ʻo e kēlení, fokotuʻu e Falemahaki Teseletí, akoʻi e kau nēsí mo e kau māʻulí, pea fakafekauʻaki e ngaahi ngāue tokoní mo e kau pīsope fakalotofonuá.

ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe kamata ke fakahoko ʻe he Fineʻofá ha ngaahi founga foʻou ki hono tokangaekina ʻo e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e kakaí, naʻe faʻa ui ko e “tokoni ʻofa fakasaienisí” ʻi he taimi ko iá, ʻaki hano fakatupulaki ha ngaahi founga fetokoniʻaki fakasōsiale, poupouʻi e kau atu ki he polokalama ʻa e komiunitií, mo ngāue fakataha mo e ngaahi kautaha fakapuleʻangá. Naʻe toe hoko foki ʻa e fakalakalaka ʻi he taukei ʻo e malaʻe ki he ngāue fakasōsialé ke maʻu ai ʻe he toʻu tangata kei tupu hake ʻo e houʻeiki fafine ʻo e Siasí ha ngaahi faingamālie ke kau ki he polokalama fakalakalaka fakasōsiale ʻo e taimi ko iá mo vahevahe ʻa e ʻilo ki he meʻakai moʻui leleí mo e ngaahi ʻilo fakasaienisi ʻi ʻapí. Naʻe pulusi ʻe he kau ʻētita ʻo e Relief Society Magazine ha ngaahi fakamatala naʻe feʻunga mo e faʻahinga fiemaʻu ko iá pea fakatupulaki ha naunau fakalēsoni foʻou ʻa e Fineʻofá ʻi he ngaahi kaveinga ko ʻení. Naʻe fakatahatahaʻi ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 1916 ha Kōmiti Faifaleʻi Fakasōsiale ke ne tokoniʻi e ngaahi palopalema fakasōsialé, ʻo kau ai e moʻui lelei ʻa e kakaí mo e ngaahi palopalema fakaeʻulungāngá. Naʻe hanganaki leva ʻa e kōmití ke akoʻi ʻa e kau ngāue fakasōsialé ko ha konga ʻo e ngaahi ngāue foʻou ʻa e tūkui koló ne fakapaʻanga ʻe he Siasí. Naʻe tokoni ʻa ʻEimi Palauni Laimani, ko e sekelitali lahi ʻa e Fineʻofá pea mo ha tokotaha ne akoʻi fakapalōfesinale ʻi he ngāue fakasōsialé, ke faʻu mo fakalahi e ngaahi polokalama ʻoku fekauʻaki mo iá.

Ko ʻEimi Palauni Laimani mo ha kulupu ʻo ha kakai fefine ʻi ha fakataha ako ki he tokoni fakasōsialé ʻi ʻAnakonitā, Monitana, fakafuofua ki he 1920.

Lolotonga e Tau Lahi ʻa Māmani Hono I, naʻe tokoni ʻa e kau ngāue fakasōsialé mo e Fineʻofá ki he taú ʻi honau fonuá, ʻo tokoni ʻi hono ngaohi e meʻakaí mo e ngaahi polōseki ʻa e Kolosi Kulá, ʻo kau ai hono ngaohi ʻo e meʻa haʻi lavea ki he tafá (surgical bandages), kofu nimá, mo e sitōkení. Naʻa nau tokanga taha ki hono fakasiʻisiʻi e mate ʻa e fānau valevalé mo e faʻē fāʻelé, kau he ngaahi kemipeini ke fakalakalaka ʻa e tokangaekina ʻo e moʻui lelei ʻa e fānaú ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití, mo fakafekauʻaki ʻa e ngāue ʻofa ʻi he Siasí mo e ngaahi hoa ngāue mei tuʻá. Kimuʻa pea pekia ʻa e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Siosefa F. Sāmitá, naʻá ne fakafatongia ʻaki ʻa ʻEimi Palauni Laimani ʻa hono fokotuʻu ha vaʻa ngāue tokoni fakasōsiale ʻa e Fineʻofá, ʻa ia naʻe fakahoko ʻe ʻEimi ʻi he 1919. ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e 1920 tupú, naʻe kamata ke tokangaʻi ʻe he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsialé ʻa hono fakahoko e ngaahi ngāue ki hono pusiaki ʻo e fānaú, ko ha fakaʻilonga ia ʻo e ngāue ʻa e kautahá ʻo aʻu ki he 2014.

Kimuʻa ʻi he Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmika ʻi he 1930 tupú, naʻe tokangaʻi ʻe he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsialé ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakauelofea maʻá e kau mēmipa ʻo e Siasí ne faingataʻaʻia fakaʻekonōmika ʻi ʻIutaá. Naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu ngāue fakasōsiale ko ʻení ʻo aʻu ki hono toki fakatahatahaʻi ʻe he puleʻangá ʻa e kau ngāue fakasōsialé ʻi he tumutumu ʻo e Tō Lalo Fakaʻekonōmiká. Lolotonga e vahaʻataimi ko ʻeni ʻo e tuʻunga taʻepau fakaʻekonōmiká, naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he Siasí ha palani maluʻi naʻe iku ʻo hoko ko e Potungāue Uelofea tuʻu maʻú. Naʻe toe fakalahi foki ʻe he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsialé ʻene ngāué ke tokoni ki he fānaú, pea ʻi he 1937, naʻe toe fokotuʻutuʻu foʻou ai ʻe he Fineʻofá ʻa e potungāué ki he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsialé mo e Uelofea ʻa e Fānaú. Naʻe fakalahi ʻa e ngaahi ngāue tokoni fakasōsiale ʻa e Siasí ʻi Losi ʻEniselesi, Kalefōnia, mo ʻOkiteni, ʻIutā, ʻi he 1930 tupú mo e 1940 tupú. Naʻe hokohoko atu hono hanga ʻe he Potungāue Tokoni Fakasōsialé mo e Uelofea ʻa e Fānaú ʻo totongi mai ha kau ngāue fakasōsiale mataotao, fakalahi e ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni maʻá e ngaahi faʻē tāutahá, faʻu ha polokalama fakahinohino maʻá e toʻu tupú, pea hoko ko ha kautaha ke ne fakangāueʻi ʻa e houʻeiki fafiné. Koeʻuhí naʻe laiseni ʻa e potungāue ko ʻení ke tokoni ki he uelofea ʻa e fānaú, naʻe hiki mai ai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 1954 ʻa e Polokalama ʻOku Fokotuʻutuʻu Maʻá e Tokotaha Ako ʻInitiá, ko ha polokalama ke talitali mo fakafeohi ki he fānau ako ʻo e Kakai Tuʻufonua ʻo ʻAmeliká, ke ne tokangaʻi.

ko hono fokotuʻu ʻo ha saliote teketeke — Ko hono fakatahatahaʻi ʻe he kau ngāué ha saliote teketeke lolotonga ha ako ki he tokoni fakauelofeá ʻi Keniā.

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu kimui ange ʻo e senituli 20, naʻe ngāue ʻa e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ke fakatahatahaʻi mo fakafekauʻaki ʻa e ngaahi houalotú mo e ngaahi polokalamá ko ha konga ʻo e ngāue fakafekauʻaki ʻi he kotoa ʻo e Siasí. ʻI he taimi ko ʻení, naʻe tokangaʻi ʻe he Kau Pīsopeliki Pulé ʻa e ngaahi ngāue tokoni fakasōsialé. Koeʻuhí ko e ngaahi feliliuaki lahi ʻi he hingoá mei he 1969 ki he 2019, naʻe hokohoko atu pē hono tokoniʻi ʻe he ngaahi kautaha tokoni fakasōsiale ʻa e Siasí ʻa e ngaahi faʻē feitama teʻeki ke malí mo hono ohi mai ʻo e fānaú ʻo ʻikai ha toe lau ki he siasi ʻoku kau ki aí pea naʻe hoko ia ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi kautaha lahi taha fakataautaha maʻá e ohi fānaú ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Naʻe maʻu ʻe he Kāingalotú mo ha niʻihi kehe ha tokoni lahi tuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi fakaongoongolelei ʻa e kau pīsopé, tautefito ki he faleʻi fakapalōfesinalé, polokalama fakaakeake mei he maʻunimaá, ngaahi kalasi ki he tauhi fānaú, mo e polokalama tokoni ne fokotuʻutuʻu maʻá e niʻihi fakafoʻituitui naʻe ngāue pōpulá. ʻI he 2000, naʻe tokangaʻi ʻe he kautahá ha ngaahi ʻōfisi ʻe 6 ʻi Kānata, Pilitānia Lahi, ʻAositelēlia, mo Nuʻu Sila, kae pehē ki ha ngaahi ʻōfisi ʻe 57 ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití. Neongo naʻe ʻikai ke toe hoko atu ʻa e polokalama ohi fānaú ʻi he 2014, ka ʻi he 2023 naʻe hoko atu ke tokoniʻi ʻe he Vaʻa Tokoni ki he Ngaahi Fāmilí ʻa e ohi fānaú ʻaki hono fakahinohinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi mātuʻa ʻoku ʻamanaki ke ohi ha fānaú.

Ngaahi Maʻuʻanga Fakamatalá

ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi pulusinga ko ʻení ha fakamatala lahi ange fekauʻaki mo e tefito ko ʻení. ʻI hono tuku atu pe fakafehokotaki kimoutolu ki he ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni ko ʻení, ʻoku ʻikai ke mau poupouʻi pe fakapapauʻi atu ʻa e kanotohí pe ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau faʻu tohí.

Jill Mulvay Derr, Janath Russell Cannon, and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992).

Thomas G. Alexander, “Between Revivalism and the Social Gospel: The Latter-day Saint Social Advisory Committee, 1916–1922,” BYU Studies, vol. 23, no. 1 (1983): 19–39.

Dave Hall, “Relief Society Educational and Social Welfare Work, 1900–29,” in David J. Whittaker and Arnold K. Garr, eds., A Firm Foundation: Church Organization and Administration (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2011), 361–75.

John P. Livingstone, “Historical Highlights of LDS Family Services,” in Scott C. Esplin and Kenneth L. Alford, eds., Salt Lake City: The Place Which God Prepared (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2011), 285–303.

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Polokalama Uelofeá, Fineʻofá, ʻEimi Palauni Laimani, Tō Lalo Lahi Fakaʻekonōmiká, Kau Fafine Paioniá mo e Faitoʻó