Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia
Helmuth Hübener

Helmuth Hübener

O Helmuth Günther Hübener (1925–42), o se tagata o le Ekalesia i Hamburg, Siamani, o le tagata aupito laitiiti lea o le tetee faaSiamani i le Nazi, na fasiotia i le faatulagaga o le Faamasinoga Faapitoa o Tagata (Volksgerichtshof) i Perelini. I le amataga o le 1941, na gaosia ai e Hübener se faasologa o pepa faalauiloa aneti-Nazi lea na aofia ai ana lava faamatalaga faaupufai ma tusitusiga o faasalalauga i le leitio. Faatasi ai ma le fesoasoani a isi talavou, sa ia tufatufaina atu ia pepa faalauiloa i Hamburg atoa. Ia Fepuari 1942, na faamaonia ai e le faamasinoga le tausalaina o Hübener i le “taupulepulega e faia le taufaalata maualuga ma le lagolago taufaalata i le fili” ma faatonuina lona fasiotiga; sa molia foi e le faamasinoga ana uo o Rudolf Wobbe ma Karl-Heinz Schnibbe ma lana uo faigaluega o Gerhard Düwer i le “faalogologo i se ofisa o le leitio ese ma faasalalau atu tala o le leitio i fafo.” Sa fasiotia Hübener i le 17 o ona tausaga i le valu masina mulimuli ane. Sa faasalaina Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer i le galue faigata i tolauapiga a le falepuipui o Siamani.

Sa fanau Hübener i Hamburg i le 1925. O lona tina nofotoatasi, o Ema Guddat Kunkel, sa galue e lagolago Helmuth ma ona uso fai matutua e toalua, o Hans ma Gerhard. O le taunuuga, na faaalu e Helmuth ma ona uso le tele o lo latou talavou faatasi ma lo latou tinamatua o Wilhemine Sudrow, o le sa nofo latalata ane. I le 1939 na faaipoipo ai Ema ia Hugo Hübener, o se tagata faigaluega faufale ma o se tagata o le vaega a le Nazi, o le na vaetamaina mulimuli ane Helmuth.

E pei o o latou tuaoi, e toatele Aupaia o Aso e Gata Ai Siamani na vaai atu i folafolaga a le vaega a le Nazi o se tulaga mautu faafouina o le tamaoaiga ma le faateleina o le mitamitaga faalemalo faatasi ma le faamoemoe. Sa auai nisi o tagata o le Ekalesia i le pati a o isi na tetee ma le mataalia i le faigamalo. Ae o isi sa tumau pea le le faaituau. Sa molimauina ai e Helmuth Hübener lenei vaega o le auai patino i le pati. O lana peresitene o le paranesi, o Arthur Zander, o se tagata o le Vaega a Nazi o le sa manao e faamalosia tagata o le paranesi e faalogologo i faasalalauga i le leitio a le pati, faamatauina e lipoti atu tagata mo gaoioiga e tetee ai i le malo, ma, i le 1938, na ia tuuina i luga o le faitotoa o le falelotu se faailo e logoina ai tagata Iutaia e le taliaina i latou. Sa ofuina e ni nai tagata o le ekalesia a latou togina o le militeli ma le tautua faalemalo i sauniga a le Ekalesia. I le isi itu, sa tala’i atu ai Otto Berndt, o le peresitene o le itu o Hamburg, e faasaga i aiaiga faavae a le malo mai le pulelaa. E ui ina sa ia teenaina le manatu i faasalalauga o le leitio, ae sa ia uunaia faalilolilo le tetee o tagata o le ekalesia, ma sa masani ona auauna atu i tagata Iutaia liliu mai. E ui ina sa auai muamua Hübener i Jungvolk i le lotoifale (o le vaega na faatulagaina e le Nazi mo tamaiti) ma le autalavou a Hitila, ae sa ia teenaina le filosofia a le pati.

I le tautotogo o le 1941, na maua ai e Hübener se leitio puupuu a lona uso o Gerhard ma faaaoga e faalogologo ai i faasalalauga o talafou i le po mai le Faalapotopotoga Faasalalau a Peretania (BBC)—o se solitulafono i lalo o le tulafono a Nazi. Mai lea taimi i lea taimi, na faatasi atu ai ni uo se toalua mai le lotu, o Karl-Heinz Schnibbe ma Rudolf (Rudi) Wobbe. E lei umi ae amata ona faia e Hübener ni pepa faalauiloa aneti-Nazi e faailoa ai faamatalaga mai faasalalauga faatasi ai ma ana lava faamatalaga. I le faaaogaina o le pepa karaponi ma ni masini lomitusi na nono mai le paranesi, sa faia ai e Hübener ni kopi o nei pepa faalauiloa, lea na latou faapipiiina ma, Schnibbe, ma Wobbe i laupapa puletini a le Vaega o Nazi, faapau i magaala pisi, ma momono i pusameli. Sa taumafai Hübener e aunoa ma le faamanuiaina e aumai isi tagata talavou e fesoasoani. I le aluga o le valu masina, na gaosia ai e Hübener se faasologa o pepa faalauiloa e luitauina ai le gagana ma le fefinauai o tala aloaia o le taua. Sa ia tuusa’o lava foi i taitai o le pati. O le Führer “o le a auina atu ai oe e le faitau afe i le afi ina ia mafai ai ona faauma le solitulafono na ia amataina,” na tusia e Hübener i se tasi pepa faalauiloa. “E oo atu i le faitau afe o a outou avā ma fanau o le a avea ma fafine ua oti a latou tane ma fanau matuaoti. Ma e leai se aoga!”

Ia Fepuari 1942, na pueina ai e sui o le Gestapo ia Hübener, Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer i moliaga o solitulafono eseese i lalo o le tulafono a Nazi, e aofia ai le “taupulepulega e faia ni taufaalata maualuluga.” I le aso 11 o Aokuso, i le taimi o se faamasinoga e silia teisi i le iva itula, sa faamasinoina ai le toafa o i latou i luma o le faamasinoga e toatolu faamasino i le Faamasinoga Faapitoa a Tagata i Perelini. Na tausalaina uma le toafa o i latou. Sa faasalaina Hübener i le oti, ae o Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer na faasalaina i le 4 i le 10 tausaga i tolauapiga e galulue ai. Sa fasiotia Hübener e ala i le vavaeeseina o lona ao (tulou) i le aso 27 o Oketopa, 1942.

Puipui Faamanatu o Gedenkstätte Plötzensee

Puipui Faamanatu o Gedenkstätte Plötzensee i Perelini, Siamani, lea na fasiotia ai Hübener.

E lei leva ona pue faapagotaina Hübener, ae tusia loa e le peresitene o le paranesi o Arthur Zander le “tape o le igoa” i luga o le pepa faamaumau a Helmuth. Ae peitai, sa musu le Peresitene o le itu o Otto Berndt e faaopoopo lana saini mo le faamaoniaina o lea faatinoga. Na saunia e Anthon Huck, o se tasi o le au peresitene o le Misiona a Europa, se saini lona lua. Na saunoa mulimuli ane nisi o taitai o le Ekalesia sa latou faamoemoe e faataumamao ese le Ekalesia mai ia Hübener e puipuia ai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mai le toasa o taitai Nazi. Ina ua mae’a le Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi, sa fesuiai e le Au Peresitene Sili le faaiuga e tape le igoa o Hübener ma, i le 1948, sa tuuina atu ia Hübener sauniga o le malumalu e ala i sauniga sui.

I le tele o tausaga talu mai le Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi, sa manatuaina ai Helmuth Hübener mo lona tetee atu i le faigamalo o le Nazi. O faaaliga faamanatu ua faapipiiina i se aoga faafaivaalofilima i Hamburg, i le Fale Faamanatu o le Tetee o Siamani i Perelini, ma i le falepuipui o Plötzensee, lea na fasiotia ai Hübener. Ma le isi, o se nofoaga autu mo le autalavou, o se aoga, ma ni auala se lua i Hamburg ua tauaveina lona igoa. Talu mai le vaitau o le 1940, o vaega faaupufai, faaleagafesootai, ma faalelotu na faia ni sauniga faamanatu eseese i le aso 8 o Ianuari (lona aso fanau) ma le aso 27 o Oketopa (aso na fasiotia ai o ia) i le faamamaluina o lona lototoa. I le aso 8 o Ianuari, 2020, sa faaigoa ai se aoga i se nofoaga autu o le faasalaga i tafatafa o le Falepuipui o Plötzensee e faamamalu ai Hübener. I le iuga, atonu o mafaufauga o Hübener lava ia na pueina i se tusi na ia auina mai i ona taimi faaiu e avea o se faamanatu sili o le malosi o lona talitonuga maumaututu ma le faamoemoe tumau: “Ou te matua faafetai lava i lo’u Tama Faalelagi ona o le oo mai o lenei olaga tiga i se faaiuga o lenei afiafi. Ua le mafai lava ona ou toe tatalia! Ua silafia e lo’u Tama oi le Lagi e leai se mea sese ua ou faia. … Ou te iloa o loo soifua le Atua, ma o le a avea o Ia ma faamasino tatau o lenei mataupu. Seia oo i lo tatou toe faatasiga fiafia i lena lalolagi sili atu ona lelei!”

Autu Fesootai: Siamani, Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi

O Faamatalaga

  1. Erin Blakemore, “Meet the Youngest Person Executed for Defying the Nazis,” History Stories, Aug. 31, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/meet-the-youngest-person-executed-for-defying-the-nazis. Rudi Wobbe and Karl-Heinz Schnibbe published memoirs on their experiences resisting the Nazi regime alongside Hübener; see Rudi Wobbe and Jerry Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1992), republished as Three against Hitler (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1992); Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, Alan F. Keele, and Douglas F. Tobler, The Price: The True Story of a Mormon Who Defied Hitler (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984). O le tele o isi tusi (talafatu ma tala moni), tusiga, ma tala tusia na tusia e uiga ia Hübener.

  2. People’s Court, Verdict, Document 52 in Blair R. Holmes and Alan F. Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason: German Youth against Hitler: The Story of the Helmuth Hübener Group, 2nd ed. (Provo: Stratford Books, 2003), 219–20; District Court Hamburg, Arrest Warrant, Document 16 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 174–75; Rudolf Wobbe, Statement, Document 66 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 259–62; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 74. Tagai foi i Autu: Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi.

  3. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 14; Richard Lloyd Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler: A Biography of Helmuth Hübener, German Teenage Resistance Leader, 2nd ed. (Provo: Academic Research Foundation, 2004), 1–2; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 20.

  4. Schnibbe, Keele, ma Tobler, The Price, 20; Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 5–6.

  5. Tagai i le Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler; David Conley Nelson, Moroni and the Swastika: Mormons in Nazi Germany (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015), 99–104. E ui ina ta’ua e Nelson o le lagolago a tagata o le Ekalesia mo filosofia o pati na sili atu nai lo le “na o le puipuiga,” o le tele o molimau na faamatalaina ai se “auai musua” na aumaia e ala i le manao e puipuia i latou lava, o o latou aiga, ma le Ekalesia mai le faalavelaveina o le malo, faafalepuipuiina, po o le sili atu ona leaga. Mo se faataitaiga, tagai i le Otto Berndt, Statement, Document 65 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 257.

  6. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 28–32; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 22–24.

  7. Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 23–24, 27–28, 61, 71–73; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 15, 31–32, 39; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 16, 22.

  8. Wobbe, Statement, 259; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 25–27; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 34–39.

  9. Holmes and Keele, eds., When Truth Was Treason, 336n8.

  10. Helmuth Hübener, “I’ve Calculated for Everything,” Document 42 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 208. E tusa ai ma pepa o faamatalaga molia, na toe maua e le Gestapo le 29 o pepa faalauiloa, e aofia ai le 9 “tamai fasi pepa” ma le 20 pepa faalauiloa atoatoa; tagai i se lisi atoa ma faamatalaga o nei pepa faalauiloa i le Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 191–93, 221–24.

  11. Fautuaga Sili a le Setete o le Hanseatic High regional Court, Criminal Case against Hübener, Document 23 i le Holmes and Keele, eds., and trans., When Truth Was Taufaalata, 180–82. Elsewhere the crime was also described as “preparation for high treason”; see District Court Hamburg, Arrest Warrant, 174–75; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 66–67. O le “Gestapo” sa o se faapuupuu mo Geheime Staatspolizei (“Leoleo Faalilolilo a le Setete”).

  12. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 69–76; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 51–54.

  13. People’s Court, Verdict, 219–31; Attorney General’s Office of the People’s Court, Report of Execution, 27 Oct. 1942, Document 62 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 241–42.

  14. Berndt, Faamatalaga, 258–59. Na faamalamalama mai e Otto Berndt: “Sa faia lenei mea ina ia aloese ai mai nisi faigata i le pati [Nazi]. O le Au Paia o e sa talitonu i tulaga lelei o Siamani Fou … sa latou faia le mea na latou faia ona sa latou talitonu o le a i ai i le tulaga sili ona lelei o le Ekalesia ma le atunuu. O le salamo ma le faamagaloga ua faaalia mai e tagata uma na popole i le taua” (Berndt, Statement, 258–59). Tagai foi i le Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 174.

  15. Tagai i le https://helmuthhuebener.de; Helmuth Hübener Exhibition, “Memorial in Hamburg in Remembrance of Nazi Crimes,” https://gedenkstaetten-in-hamburg.de/en/memorials/show/helmuth-huebener-exhibition; Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, “Helmuth Hübener,” https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/helmuth-huebener; Brigitte Oleschinski, Plötzensee Memorial Center (Berlin: German Resistance Memorial, 2002), 31.

  16. Schnibbe, Keele, ma Tobler, The Price, ix; “Schule der Berliner Jugendstrafanstalt wird Helmuth-Hübener-Schule,” o le tala https://presse-de.kirchejesuchristi.org/artikel/schule-der-berliner-jugendstrafanstalt-wird-helmuth-huebener-schule.

  17. Schnibbe, Keele, ma Tobler, The Price, 58.